Technical Reports

Selected publicly available reports authored or co-authored by H. Christopher Frey:

  1. Rubin, E.S., J.S. Salmento, J.G. Barrett, C.N. Bloyd, and H.C. Frey, Modeling and Assessment of Advanced Processes for Integrated Environmental Control of Coal-Fired Power Plants, NTIS DE86014713, Prepared by Carnegie-Mellon University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 1986.
  2. Frey, H.C., Performance and Economic Model of the Fluidized Bed Copper Oxide Process, Master’s Report, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1987.
  3. Piccot, S.D., J.A. Buzun, and H.C. Frey, Emissions and Cost Estimates for Globally Significant Anthropogenic Combustion Sources of NOx, N2O, CH4, CO, and CO2, EPA/600/7-90-010, Prepared by Radian Corporation for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, May 1990.
  4. Frey, H.C. and E.S. Rubin, Stochastic Modeling of Coal Gasification Combined Cycle Systems: Cost Models of Selected  Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Systems, Topical Report, DOE/MC/24248-2901, NTIS DE90015345, Prepared by Carnegie-Mellon University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, June 1990, 307p.
  5. Rubin, E.S., J.S. Salmento, H.C. Frey, A. Abu-Baker, and M. Berkenpas, Modeling of Integrated Environmental Control Systems for Coal-Fired Power Plants, Final Report, DOE Contract No. DE-AC22-87PC79864, Prepared by Carnegie-Mellon University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 1991, 214p.
  6. Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, Development and Application of a Probabilistic Evaluation Method for Advanced Process Technologies, Final Report, DOE/MC/24248-3015, NTIS DE91002095, Prepared by Carnegie-Mellon University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, April 1991, 364p.
  7. Frey, H.C., Probabilistic Modeling of Innovative Clean Coal Technologies: Implications for Research Planning and Technology Evaluation, Dissertation, Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1991.
  8. Frey, H.C., Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainty and Variability in Environmental Policy Making, Environmental Science and Engineering Fellows Program, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, September 1992.
  9. Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, Development of the Integrated Environmental Control Model: Performance Models of Selective Catalytic Reduction NOx Control Systems, Quarterly Progress Report, DOE/PC/91346–3, Contract No. DC-AC22-92PC91346, Prepared by Carnegie Mellon University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 1993.
  10. Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, Development of the Integrated Environmental Control Model: Cost Models of Selective Catalytic Reduction NOx Control Systems, Quarterly Progress Report, DOE/PC/91346–5, Contract No. DC-AC22-92PC91346, Prepared by Carnegie Mellon University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, December 1993.
  11. Frey, H.C., Modeling and Assessment of the Fluidized Bed Copper Oxide Process for SO2/NOx Control, Prepared by North Carolina State University for U.S. Department of Energy, March 30, 1994.
  12. Frey, H.C., Development and Application of Performance and Cost Models for Gas Turbine-Based Selective Catalytic Reduction NOx Control, Task 1 Topical Report, Volume 1, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Carnegie Mellon University and U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, October 1994.
  13. Frey, H.C., R.J. Lempert, G. Farnsworth, D.C. Acheson, P.S. Fischbeck, and E.S. Rubin, A Method for Federal Energy Research Planning: Integrated Consideration of Technologies, Markets, and Uncertainties, Prepared by Carnegie Mellon, RAND, and Atlantic Council for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA.  April 1995.
  14. Agarwal, P, and H.C. Frey, Development and Application of Performance and Cost Models for the Externally-Fired Combined Cycle, Task 1 Topical Report, Volume 2, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Carnegie Mellon University and U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, July 1995.
  15. Frey, H.C., and R.B. Williams, Performance and Cost Models for the Direct Sulfur Recovery Process, Task 1 Topical Report, Volume 2, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Carnegie Mellon University and U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, September 1995.
  16. Frey, H.C., and D.A. Eichenberger, Remote Sensing of Mobile Source Air Pollutant Emissions: Variability and Uncertainty in On-Road Emissions Estimates of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons for School and Transit Buses, FHWY/NC/97-005, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, June 1997.
  17. Kini, M.D., and H.C. Frey, Probabilistic Evaluation of Mobile Source Air Pollution: Volume 1, Probabilistic Modeling of Exhaust Emissions from Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Center for Transportation and the Environment, Raleigh, December 1997.
  18. Bharvirkar, R. and H.C. Frey, Development of Simplified Performance and Cost Models of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Systems, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 1998.
  19. Frey, H.C., Estimates of Uncertainty in Air Quality Model Inputs Based Upon Expert Elicitation, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Hanna Consultants, Kennebunkport, Maine, September 28, 1998.
  20. Frey, H.C., and D.S. Rhodes, Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Environmental Data and Models: Volume 1.  Theory and Methodology Based Upon Bootstrap Simulation, Report No. DOE/ER/30250–Vol. 1, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Germantown, MD, April 1999.
  21. Frey, H.C., and L.K. Tran, Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Environmental Data and Models: Volume 2.  Performance, Emissions, and Cost of Combustion-Based NOx Controls for Wall and Tangential Furnace Coal-Fired Power Plants, Report No. DOE/ER/30250–Vol. 2, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Germantown, MD, April 1999.
  22. Berkenpas, M.B., H.C. Frey, J.J. Fry, J. Kalagnanam, and E.S. Rubin, Integrated Environmental Control Model: Technical Documentation, Prepared by Carnegie Mellon University for U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA.  May 1999.
  23. Frey, H.C., R. Bharvirkar, and J. Zheng, Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Emissions Estimation, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1999.
  24. Rouphail, N.M., H.C. Frey, A. Unal, and R. Dalton, ITS Integration of Real-Time Emissions and Traffic Management Systems, IDEA Project No. ITS-44, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the IDEA Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC. May 2000. (additionally see pp 28-29 of this separate report for a summary).
  25. Frey, H.C., and J. Zheng, User’s Guide for Analysis of Uncertainty and Variability in Emissions Estimation (AUVEE), Prepared by North Carolina State University for Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 2000.
  26. Hanna, S., Z. Lu, H.C. Frey, N. Wheeler, J. Vukovich, S. Arunachalam, M. Fernau, and J. Davis, Uncertainties in Predicted Ozone Concentrations due to Input Uncertainties for UAM-V Photochemical Grid Model Applied to the July 1995 OTAG Domain, Report No. 1000710, Prepared by Harvard School of Public Health, North Carolina State University, and MCNC for EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, and Ameren, St. Louis, MO. November 2000.
  27. Frey, H.C., and N. Akunuri, Development and Application of Optimal Design Capability for Coal Gasification Systems: Performance, Emissions, and Cost of Texaco Gasifier-Based Systems Using ASPEN, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Carnegie Mellon University and U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA, January 2001.
  28. Frey, H.C., and J. Zheng, Methods and Example Case Study for Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Emissions Estimation (AUVEE), Prepared by North Carolina State University for Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 2001.
  29. Frey, H.C., N.M. Rouphail, A. Unal, and J.D. Colyar, Emissions Reduction Through Better Traffic Management: An Empirical Evaluation Based Upon On-Road Measurements, FHWY/NC/2002-001, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, December 2001.  323 pp.
  30. Frey, H.C., A. Unal, and J. Chen, Recommended Strategy for On-Board Emission Data Analysis and Collection for the New Generation Model, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. February 2002.
  31. Frey, H.C., J. Zheng, Y. Zhao, S. Li, and Y. Zhu, Technical Documentation of the AuvTool Software for Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February 2002.
  32. Zheng, J., and H.C. Frey, AuvTool User’s Guide, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February 2002.
  33. Frey, H.C., A. Unal, J. Chen, S. Li, and C. Xuan, Methodology for Developing Modal Emission Rates for EPA’s Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle and Equipment Emission Estimation System, EPA420-R-02-027, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, October 2002.
  34. Loughlin, D., H.C. Frey, K. Hanisak, and A. Eyth, Implementation Requirements for the Development of a Sensitivity/Uncertainty Analysis Tool for MIMS, Draft, Prepared by Carolina Environmental Program and North Carolina State University for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 6, 2003.
  35. Frey, H.C., Evaluation of an Approximate Analytical Procedure for Calculating Uncertainty in the Greenhouse Gas Version of the Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle and Equipment Emissions System, Prepared for Office of Transportation and Air Quality, S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, May 30, 2003.
  36. Frey, H.C., D. Crawford-Brown, J. Zheng, and D. Loughlin, Hierarchy of Methods to Characterize Uncertainty: State of Science of Methods for Describing and Quantifying Uncertainty, Draft, Prepared for E. H. Pechan and Associates, Inc., Springfield, VA, for submittal to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 12, 2003.
  37. Frey, H.C., J. Zheng, D. Loughlin and D. Crawford-Brown, Hierarchy of Methods to Characterize Uncertainty: State of Science on Communication of Uncertainty, Draft, Prepared for E. H. Pechan and Associates, Inc., Springfield, VA, for submittal to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 12, 2003
  38. Frey, H.C., A. Mokhtari, and T. Danish, Evaluation of Selected Sensitivity Analysis Methods Based Upon Applications to Two Food Safety Risk Process Models, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Office of Risk Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, September 2003.
  39. Frey, H.C., A. Mokhtari, and J. Zheng, Recommended Practice Regarding Selection, Application, and Interpretation of Sensitivity Analysis Methods Applied to Food Safety Process Risk Models, Prepared by North Carolina State University for U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, January 30, 2004.
  40. Frey, H.C., and Y. Zhu, Performance Model of Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Systems, Prepared by North Carolina State University for the U.S. Department of Energy via Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, October 2004.
  41. Frey, H.C., and K. Kim, Operational Evaluation of Emissions and Fuel Use of B20 Versus Diesel Fueled Dump Trucks, FHWY/NC/2005-07, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, Sept 30, 2005.
  42. Mokhtari, A., and H.C. Frey, Review and Recommendation of Methods for Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis for the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) Models, Volume 1: Review of Available Methods for Conducting Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis in Probabilistic Models, Draft, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Alion Science and Technology, Inc., Durham, NC, June 30, 2005.
  43. Mokhtari, A., and H.C. Frey, Review and Recommendation of Methods for Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis for the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) Models, Volume 2: Evaluation and Recommendation of Methodology for Conducting Sensitivity Analysis in Probabilistic Models, Draft, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Alion Science and Technology, Inc., Durham, NC, June 30, 2005.
  44. Rubin, E.S., M.B. Berkenpas, H.C. Frey, C. Chen, S. McCoy, and C.J. Zaremsky, Technical Documentation: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Systems (IGCC) with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Prepared by Carnegie Mellon University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 2007
  45. Frey, H.C., and P.Y. Kuo, Best Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation, Prepared by North Carolina State University for U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, October 2007.
  46. Frey, H.C., W.J. Rasdorf, K. Kim, S. Pang, P. Lewis, and S. Abolhasani, Real-World Duty Cycles and Utilization for Construction Equipment in North Carolina, FHWA/NC/2006-55, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, January 2008.
  47. Frey, H.C., and H.W. Choi, Baseline Fuel Use and Emissions Rates for Petroleum Diesel Fueled Combination Trucks, TA-2008-09, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, May 28, 2008.
  48. Rodriguez DA, Arunachalam S, Frey HC, Hanna A, Khattak A, Morton BJ, Rouphail N, Song Y. 2010. Advanced modeling system for forecasting regional development, travel behavior, and spatial pattern of emissions. Final report, EPA STAR #R831835, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  49. Frey, H.C., and B.M. Graver, Measurement and Evaluation of Fuels and Technologies for Passenger Rail Service in North Carolina, Research Project No. HWY-2010-12, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, August 2012.
  50. Frey, H.C., and G.S. Sandhu, Comparison of Energy Use and Emissions for Three Wheel-Loaders Operated on Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel, B20 Biodiesel, and B35 Biodiesel, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Greener by Design, New Brunswick, NJ, September 4, 2012.
  51. Frey, H.C., G.S. Sandhu, B.M. Graver, and J. Hu, Measurement of Fuel Use and Emissions of Over-Snow Vehicles at Yellowstone National Park, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Louis Berger Group, Denver, CO, September 8, 2012.
  52. Frey, H.C., and B.M. Graver, Demonstration of Alternative Methodology of Measuring Emissions of Locomotive Engines, Research Project No. HWY-2012-33, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, April 2013.
  53. Ray, J.D., G. Bishop, B.G. Schuchmann, C. Frey, G. Sandhu, and B. Graver, Yellowstone Over-Snow Vehicle Emission Tests – 2012: Summary Vehicle Data and Fleet Estimates for Modeling. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRTR-2013/661, Prepared by National Park Service, University of Denver, and North Carolina State University for U.S. Department of the Interior, Denver, CO, January 2013.
  54. de los Reyes, F., H.C. Frey, J. Whalen, Microbial Risk Assessment of Graywater Reuse Using Quantitative Molecular Approaches, Report No. 437, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, January 2014.
  55. Shurland, M., W. Smith, S.G. Fritz, and H.C. Frey, Locomotive Biofuel Study: Preliminary Study of the Use and Effects of Biodiesel in Locomotive Engines, DOT/FRA/ORD-14/12, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, May 2014.
  56. Frey, H.C., B.M. Graver, and J. Hu, Locomotive Biofuel Study – Rail Yard and Over the Road Measurements Using Portable Emissions Measurement System, DOT/FRA/ORD-16/04, Prepared by North Carolina State University for Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, March 2016. 388 pages.
  57. Washburn, S., H.C. Frey, and N.M. Rouphail (2014), Emissions Modeling and Implementation into CORSIM, Report No. 2012-014S, Draft, Prepared by University of Florida and North Carolina State University for the Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development, and Education Center, November 22, 2014.
  58. Salamati, K., N. Rouphail, C. Frey, B. Schroeder, and L. Rodegerdts (2015), Accelerating Roundabouts in the U.S.: Volume III of VII – Assessment of the Environmental Characteristics of Roundabouts, FHWA-SA-15-071, Prepared by North Carolina State University and Kittelson & Associates, Inc. for Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, September 2015.
  59. Frey, H.C. and J. Hu (2015), Measurement of Locomotive Head End Power Engine Fuel and Emissions, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, September 1, 2015.
  60. Bartelt-Hunt, S., E. Jones, L. Hauser, R. Jaikumar, H.C. Frey, G. Sandhu, Evaluating Air Emissions and Fuel Efficiency of Solid Waste Collection Vehicles, Prepared by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and North Carolina State University for the Environmental Research and Education Foundation, Raleigh, NC, February 2016.
  61. Washburn, S.S., H.C. Frey, N.M. Rouphail, On-Board-Diagnostics (OBD) Data Integration into Traffic Microsimulation for Vehicle-Specific Fuel Use and Emissions Modeling and In-Vehicle App Testing, STRIDE 2013-034S, Final Report, Prepared by University of Florida and North Carolina State University for Southeastern Transportation Innovation, Development, and Education Center, May 2017.
  62. Frey, H.C. and T. Khan, Development and Demonstration of Advanced Methods for Quantifying Freight Truck Activity, Energy Use, and Emissions, Final Report, Project NTC2015-MU-R-04, Prepared by North Carolina State University for National Transportation Center at Maryland, University of Maryland, College Park, , and ARPA-e, Washington, DC, December 2017.
  63. Frey, H.C., and Tongchuan Wei, Method for Real-World Measurements of Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Using Portable Emission Measurement Systems at North Carolina State University from 2008 to 2018, Prepared by North Carolina State University for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, February 2018.
  64. Frey, H.C. and N. Rastogi, Evaluation of Locomotive Emission Reduction Strategies, Final Report, FHWA/NC/2016-20, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, October 2018.
  65. Frey, H.C. and N. Rastogi, Managing Energy and Emissions for Rail Operations FHWA/NC/2019-09, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, November 2019.
  66. Frey, H.C., A.P. Grieshop, A. Khlystov, J.J. Bang, N. Rouphail, J. Guiness, D. Rodriguez, M. Fuentes, P. Saha, H. Brantley, M. Snyder, S. Tanvir, K. Ko, T. Noussi, M. Delavarrafiee, and S. Singh, Characterizing Determinants of Near-Road Ambient Air Quality for an Urban Intersection and a Freeway Site, Research Report 207. Prepared by North Carolina State University, Desert Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, University of California at Berkeley, Virginia Commonwealth University, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for Health Effects Research Institute, Boston, MA.
  67. Frey, H.C., N. Rastogi, T. Wei, Measurement and Modeling of Spatial Variability in Locomotive Fuel Use and Emission Rates for Piedmont Passenger Rail Service, FHWA/NC/2020-07, Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, 2023.